Thursday, December 26, 2019

Critical Commentary On Freud s The Dream Work

Critical Commentary From Sigmund Freud’s The Dream-work, in Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis The main focus of Freud’s essay centres on the idea that there are two forms the dream can take, the manifest dream, and the latent dream. The process by which the latent dream transforms into the manifest dream is called the ‘dream-work’, and the opposite is the individual’s ‘work of interpretation’. He explains that the ‘dream-work’ consists of four main elements that allow the individual to form an understanding of the dream itself, and reveal the meaning. The first process of ‘condensation’ can be described as an ‘abbreviated translation’ of the latent dream, into the manifest dream, which will always have a much smaller content, thus making the dream more obscure, as various latent dream-thoughts, can be condensed into one manifest dream. Freud then describes ‘displacement’ as the process that replaces a latent element of a dream with something more remote, an allusion. Thus, this explain s how the dream-work can turn unacceptable material into material more acceptable through the unconscious, by creating an allusion of the latent dream. The third process that Freud suggests that dreams follow, serves as a messenger, as it is the process the unconscious follows in order to present ideas to the conscious. This process is ‘representation’, otherwise known as ‘figurability’, which transforms thoughts into visual elements. The fourth and final process is known as ‘secondaryShow MoreRelated Art, Surrealism, and the Grotesque Essay4657 Words   |  19 Pagescontrol it. The simultaneity of mutually exclusive emotional states, and the discomfort it might cause, inspires a Freudian analytic critical approach because of its focus on controlling repressed desires through therapeutic rationality. There are volumes of Freudian art criticism, which typically begin by calling attention to manifestations, in some work of art, of the darkest desires of the id. Perhaps in no field of art criticism does Freuds name appear more frequently than in Read More Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2888 Words   |  12 Pagesletters than of numbers and ultimately broke out of the engineering/law mold and devoted himself to the written word. Stevenson was first published in 1876, in his mid-twenties, as his essays began to appear in Cornhill Magazine (Columbia). His work was first published in book form in 1878 when the travel story An Inland Voyage was made available to English readers. After his marriage in 1880 to Frances Osbourne (known to him as Fanny), Stevenson’s popularity grew with the publication of TreasureRead MoreClose Reading2901 Words   |  12 Pageslife. [4]â€Å" the singing, the summer tree, their garden, the move to another house’ Paulin (1975). The idea of bringing a picture to life is an example of what Sigmund Freud in his essay The Uncanny (1919), would call an uncanny effect [5]â€Å" it is in the highest degree uncanny when inanimate objects—a picture†¦come to life† Freud (1997) Another effect is the double, Hardy does not use past tense, instead we are given paradoxically two presents. As we cannot have two presents, we separate the pastRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagescultural and critical theory library Open source archive of ebooks, texts, videos, documentary films and podcasts Pages * Home * List of major critical theorists * What is Critical theory ? * What is Frankfurt School ? * Support Critical Theory Library * Contact This Blog This Blog  Ã‚  Ã‚   |    | ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form    Home  » texts  » History amp; Class Consciousness: Preface by Georg Lukà ¡cs (1923) Thursday, February 3, 2011Read MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 Pages(Cineloops) DETECTIVES FROM SCOTLAND YARD (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) CAR THIEVES [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) WORTH A FORTUNE [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) APRIL FOOLS DAY [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) PROFESSOR BOFFIN S UMBRELLA (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) OPERATION MASfERMIND (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 3) QUESTION AND ANSWER: Graded Aural/Oral Exercises READING AND WRITING ENGLISH-A First Year Programme for Children LOOK, LISTEN AND LEARNl Sets 1-4Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesa text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Essay on The Great Depression - 905 Words

The Great Depression Many times throughout history, the United States has undergone economic depression. The most recognized period of economic depression is called the Great Depression. The Great Depression is well known because of the seriousness of the stock market crash. The results of the crash were more serious than any other crash throughout American History. The Great Depression caused a change in the nature of the American family, an increase in poverty, and President Herbert Hoovers proposal for immediate action by the government, balanced his belief in rugged individualism with the economic necessities. While most Americans are familiar with the Great Depression as a time of economic disaster,†¦show more content†¦According to an old study, 26,000 American businesses collapsed; in 1931, 28,000 more met the same fate. In addition, by the beginning of 1932, nearly 3,500 banks, holding billions of dollars in uninsured deposits, had gone under. Twelve million people were unemployed (nearly 25 percent of the workforce), and the real earnings for those still lucky enough to have jobs fell by a third. This statistical evidence effectively illustrates the increase in poverty caused by the Great Depression. An additional result of the Great Depression was that President Hoover balanced his belief of rugged individualism with the economic necessities of the time by proposing direct action by the government. Hoover had only been in office for eight months when the stock market crashed. At first, he treated this financial disaster and decline in employment and business that followed the Great Depression as a panic. According to The American Pageant He was accused of saying, yet did not use these precise words, that prosperity was just around the corner. As the depression got worse, Hoover became increasingly concerned about the troubles of Americans. Hoover refused to agree with the request of the Democrats in Congress, who wanted the government to distribute money to the unemployed. †¦[Hoover] as a rugged individualist deeply rooted in an earlier era of free enterprise, shrank from the heresy of governmentShow MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western world. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of America’s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. During the nation’s financial disaster, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president and made extensive changes to America’s political structure. The effects of the Great Depression had lasting consequences that areRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression1232 Words   |  5 Pagespeople think that the stock crash was to blame for the Great Depression but that is not correct. Both the crash and depression were the result of problems with the economy that were still underneath society s minds. The depression affected people in a series of ways: poverty is spreading causing farm distr ess, unemployment, health, family stresses and unfortunately, discrimination increases. America tended to blame Hoover for the depression and all the problems. When the 1932 election came peopleRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. It was not only an economic situation bit it was also miserable making, made people more attentionRead MoreThe Great Depression1292 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the crash Before the start of the great depression the United States was a country of great economic wealth, with new technology being invented and a boom in industry. Due to a boom in America’s Industry because of World War One the economy was at an all-time high with a tremendous amount of prosperity. Following the end of world war one the industrial might that America had was being used for peaceful, domestic purposes instead of being used for violence and war. New technologies like carsRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression2071 Words   |  9 PagesPaul Von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor on the 30th January 1933. The Depression did play a vital role in this, however other factors such as the Nazis propaganda, the resentment of the Weimar republic and the political situation of 1932-1933 also contributed to his success. Before the Great Depression, the Nazis gained 12 seats and 2.6% of the vote in the May election of 1928. Despite this, by July 1932, Hitler gained 230 seats and 37.3% of the vote in the Reichstag. This is a dramaticRead MoreThe Great Depression1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920’s was a decade of discovery for America. As mentioned in â€Å"who was roaring in the twenties? —Origins of the great depression,† by Robert S. McElvaine America suffered with the great depression due to several factors but it managed to stay prosperous at the end. In â€Å"America society and culture in the 1920’s,† by David A. Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to societyRead MoreThe Great Depression1551 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The nation as a whole plummeted in one econ omic downfall. Few individuals escaped the effects of the depression. The hardship of unemployment and the loss of homes and farms were a large portion of the pain caused by the economic crisis. Through all of these sufferings, women had a large impact on society. Women faced heavy discrimination and social criticism during the Depression Even though through research it is provenRead MoreThe Great Depression1186 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends is the true definition of of what the Great Depression really was. It was a time that most people want to never remember or ever happen again. You would think the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It caused families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1368 Words   |  6 PagesAfter WW1 the Great Depression had a very late impact on the major film companies in France, when it did, it unfortunately caused several film studios to go bankrupt, then in the late 1920’s to 1930’s many small film companies and groups emerged giving birth to the tendency called poetic realism. Because the large companies who made films with a focus on making money were gone the filmmakers and artists were able to concern themselves with the art of film, they often took poetic innovations thatRead MoreGreat Depression7197 Words   |  29 PagesGreat Depression From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia {draw:frame} Dorothea Langes Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California, centering on Florence Owens Thompson, age 32, a mother of seven children, in Nipomo, California, March 1936. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression) in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Critical Business Ethics and Social Responsibility

Question: Discuss about the Critical Business Ethics and Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction: Google was born out of a research of a number of prior permutations and combinations for facilitating online access to billion of users with regard to information. The inventors of the company, Sergey Brin and Larry Page started BackRub in 1996, through which it used to link web pages for enabling a certain search string to find any information (Christensen, Mackey and Whetten 2014). Google was born in the year 1998, which was coined after the term gogol. The ease of operating the search engine Google by the users propelled the company to dizzying heights, posing stiff challenges to its competitors and even eliminating them from the competition as it gradually spread its activities and functioning across every spectrum around the world. After gaining a stable ground, it acquired several companies along the way; the most important was Orkut, which used to be popular in some South American nations and in some developing countries in the Asian economy (Christensen, Mackey and Whetten 2014). It owns several renowned websites like Picasa, YouTube and Google+. Before Facebook started to breath down the neck of Google, it held the distinction of being the most valuable company in the world before being toppled by Apple in 2011 (Bygrave 2014). Since it is a very common phenomenon to have ethical issues being encountered by all companies in operation, Google also faced similar dilemma, especially when it entered China. Chinas government has strict rules and regulations with respect to internet activities and many publishers and authors have accused the company of their copyright infringement, which is considered a serious violation in the eyes of law (Doh, Husted and Yang 2016). Close on the heels of infringement of copyright comes the issue of privacy and its protection from fraud. This has been given a serious thought by governments of different nations as many users have alleged that their information security is at risk of getting exposed in the light of Googles intrusion on the privacy domain. To protect the interest of its stakeholders along with privacy, certain defense mechanisms have been incorporated for better corporate governance. Stakeholder protection: Google being the largest search engine site in the world and one of the top five companies in terms of market value, it has a huge responsibility of the rights and duties of its stakeholders, as without their support and commitment, it will not be possible for the company to carry out their daily operations around the globe, with varied rules and regulations in different countries. Google follows certain principles of corporate governance and philosophies, which protect it from being dragged to court over serious allegations of breach of trust. Since the business premise of Google is to help and empower the common man to access uninterrupted services for information gathering, it has to abide by the law of the land and cooperate with it, whenever any issue comes up for redress. Data protection law is of utmost importance as any violation in this aspect is not tolerated by anyone in the eyes of law (Hartman et al. 2014). Any user who wants to access any information he wishes to have o r wants to transact online, he/she expects the service provider to protect his/her credentials and not divulge any details, which might get compromised. The purpose and objectives of Google is not only to facilitate information to the world, but to also empower them through various channels of service with protection of data. By virtue of its vast network and influence in the global arena, Google has the requisite power and ability to protect the lives of its stakeholders through various means. The company has to ensure that it protects the information of its users and maintain confidentiality of the accounts so that data does not get into the wrong hands. If any information reaches the wrong person, then the company has to own up the responsibility of the same and restore the privacy. They have to upgrade the firewall protection software in their systems from time to time so that the information is not shared with any third person without obtaining the prior permission from the concerned user. The most important stakeholders of Google can be classified as: Users Employees Advertisers Investors Governments Communities Users: Users are those persons, who use the search engine of the company for meeting their requirements. They are individuals and groups of persons or organizations, who access the database for perusal of information for free, as the users do not have to pay for accessing any information on the Googles platform. They are the end users of the companys services and their usage and behavior determines the strategy of the company and its philosophy (Kolk 2016). Employees: For Google, its employees are of paramount importance as it is they, who dedicate and perform to the best of their abilities for bringing the desired result for the organization and elevate it to the pinnacle of success. Since employees always want a work culture where idea and creativity are given priority along with good compensation and nice reward packages, Google takes care of these expectations through facilitation of multiple options (Rupp et al. 2015). The company provides several facilities to the employees like fitness centre, launderettes, daycare among others. It provides other perquisites like buffet lunches, basketball court, volleyball arena, reimbursement for tuition of their children and on top on this, it also helps them set up solar panels on the rooftops of the employees residents in order to promote the culture and habit of green living. Since it has a flexible work culture, many people consider it as one of the most desired companies to work for as it also takes care of the employees of the suppliers through its code of conduct for the suppliers. Advertisers: The success of Google depends mainly on the advertisers as its the primary source of generating revenue. Since the stakeholders are interested in getting advertisements which are effective in nature, Google provides that level and quality of the same, which in turn bodes well for the advertisers as well. Googles corporate social responsibility (CSR) is mainly directed towards its advertising companies, which provide the platform for the company to showcase their products and services (Rupp et al. 2015). Investors: Google went for the public offering in the year 2004 and since then the CSR activity has been actively influenced through the participation of its investors, who are considered as important the employees itself working in the company. The company has been able to raise a large amount of capital through these investors and they in turn, have helped the organization grow to where it is now. Since the main focus of Google is to provide useful products for its users, the investors get satisfied as the company turns more profitable. Governments: The growth and success of any organization depends greatly on the established rules and regulations of the government of a nation and Google is no exception either. Since the operation of Google is global in nature, it has to abide by the prevailing laws of different countries as government is a major stakeholder in this aspect. Being a major stakeholder, it has to ensure as to whether the company is discharging its services in line with its regulatory compliances. This is in line with Googles own policy of making money without any evil. Communities: Community plays an important part in the success story of the organization as their perception highly influences the smooth functioning of the company as a whole (Zheng, Luo and Wang 2014). It has committed more than $100 million through its charitable arm Google.org and helps in combating climate change, poverty and public health among others. These CSR activities have propelled the company to the apex of the growth pyramid and establish itself as a responsible global corporate. Privacy management and profit: Being such a large company, it endures many risks related to ethical code of conduct in the world of technology. Even though Google has been named as the pioneer of compliance with regard to ethical rules and regulations, certain exceptions have marred its reputation a bit while encountering allegations and lawsuits in some European countries and the home country (US) as well for copyright infringement and illegal advertisements. It has had to face similar issues from numerous publishers and artistes accusing the company of violating the code of conduct by digitally uploading their works without prior permission or authority (Mason and Simmons 2014). Many European nations have made provisions for stricter compliance of rules and regulations so as to protect the users data and information from getting misused by any company. In its home country, it has faced intense scrutiny over the companys latest acquisition of Motorola Mobility. With the growth of the company, it will face an incr easing amount of pressure from its competitors and startups, which fear their functioning, might be at stake due to the formers highly influential conduct and practices. With the emergence of internet and evolution of technology in the twenty first century, the world has witnessed an exponential growth of information sharing, which are sometimes beneficial and in some cases against the set protocols of the law of the land (Christensen, Mackey and Whetten 2014). Since Google provides information to its users free of cost, the users also think it as normal to share their basic details in lieu of getting that same information and not realize the consequences of the same. In recent times, as it has been revealed that both Google and Facebook share the user information for tailoring their advertisement philosophy, it has shaken the user community to a great extent. Although Google has a privacy policy in place, where it is specifically mentioned that the company does not part with the user information, there have been several instances that user information has been breached without their prior consent (Danezis et al. 2015). Making profit while also protecting the privacy quotient is the path the company has to choose to function in a prudent and responsible fashion. Providing information to the user does not mean that the company should share the same with any third party without rightful consent of the user concerned, as the same would amount to violation of ethical code of conduct between them (Trepte et al. 2015). Resorting to this will compromise the trust factor the user community place on the company as their perception will change with a change in the companys attitude towards them. The footprint which the company has built through years of hard work and dedication to the community at large will evaporate in an instant if profit comes at the cost of privacy breach. In spite of being the most popular site for searching content, 52% of the users have expressed concern over the companys privacy policy, which could pose a major obstacle in building bridges with the user base as trust takes a hit (Bourgeois et al. 2016). One of the pressing issues relating to privacy of user information confronting Google is the fact, that the company stores the information strings on its database as claimed by various legal circles but Google denies any breach of the same as according to them, it helps in refining their activity and streamline them for better customer experience. For security purposes, the US government can pull the company to provide any logical explanation with regard to information leak and data protection (Kuchinke et al. 2016). Not only personal information of a user, but the national security of a country gets compromised if the company fails to comply with the stated rules and protocols of the government, as data breach can endanger the sovereignty of a nation when other nations try to take unfair advantage of the loopholes. Since privacy is a tricky issue, Google has had to tread a slippery path when it decided to enter China, where stricter rules and regulations awaited them (Bygrave 2014). Being the worlds most populous nation with more than 1 billion people, Google wanted to tap the opportunity of growing their business over there, but with tough riders in the form of strict privacy rules of the country. Since the government of China is very particular about its security and information aspects, Google had to endure the prospect of scrutiny by the government on the users search patterns, which proved to become a conflict of interest with the companys philosophy of individual data protection (Gellert and Gutwirth 2013). Gradually, the company started to realize that its benefits are outweighing costs to a significant extent as it resorted to self-censorship of some controversial websites for better regulation. Later on, the situation turned volatile as it started to encounter various problems from the government, which began blocking several sites to the users. Profits tumbled to record lows as cyber attacks stared to hit the company hard, which ultimately forced Google to shift its head office to Hong Kong (Banisar 2016). In the backdrop of this phenomenon, Google envisaged setting up a warning and defense mechanism to enable users beforehand as to whether accessing a site is allowed (Swire 2014). Restriction of information to the user meant it wont be able to access data which could be sensitive or confidential from the governments point of view. Tracking by Google has proved to be a major headache for the company as it tries to fend off accusations of data breach from different privacy advocates, who feel it violates the rights and privacies of the users (Gutwirth and De Hert 2015). Users sometimes are also not aware of the ramifications of the same, who regularly browse the internet for accessing a plethora of information. From the companys point of view, accessing of private searches is needed in order to enable it to develop advertisements and also for making location-enabled network features and stay ahead in the competition (Hoepman 2014). In this context, it is prudent to mention that since all the services provided by Google are free of cost to the users, consumers are free to decide upon themselves whether to place greater emphasis on their privacy aspect or the search engine providers free services. Protecting privacy and maintaining profitability can go hand in hand if the company abides by the set out rules and regulations existing in different countries. Adherence to data protection rules and protocols is the first step in guaranteeing security and confidentiality of information to the users (Silva et al. 2015). According to several security analysts, Google was exploiting some loopholes in web browser application Safari by bypassing the policies but soon it fell in line after the US Federal Trade Commission indicted the organization for the same and imposed a hefty fine of $22.5 million on it to settle the dispute (Oliver 2015). Effects of government regulation and intervention: Owing to several issues and complaints from the consumers, many governments have proposed amendments to its existing laws and some have implemented certain strictures pertaining to the access of information of the users. Certain countries are promoting self-regulation mechanisms for the companies providing content materials on the net, while some are issuing blanket ban on the unhindered proliferation of information to the end users (Kshetri 2014). The effect of this approach undermines the very premise of liberating information access to all, as restricting any access might catapult to a grave scenario for the future companies as well. With growing concern for privacy issues, it is imperative for the government to formulate strict yet flexible regulatory strategies, which will enable the firm to deliver information in a legitimate way without compromising on the security aspect. Since lots of rules and new legislations would be an impediment to its growth prospects, Google has tied up with other online firms to stave off the implementation of the same (Martin, Borah and Palmatier 2017). Too much interference by any government regulatory authority into the functioning of the internet companies would stifle the freedom of expression and hinder the growth prospects of the company in the future (Randall et al. 2016). However, with the growing instances of cyber attacks and proliferation of fraudulent online activities, it wont be easy for the firms to stonewall the implementation of certain regulating and restricting mechanisms. Therefore, it is in the best interests of these companies to cooperate with the government agencies and help in framing the laws, which will negate the negative implications in the future, if any (De Hert and Boulet 2016). Conclusion: In light of the above facts and deliberations, a company which started from the scratch to becoming one of the worlds' most valuable and respected technological companies, Google has established itself as a pioneer in the modern search engine era. While many may have termed its penchant for acquisition of companies as an overreach, it is an indisputable fact that the services rendered by it are accepted widely across the globe. It has earned itself the distinction of being one of the most favoured companies to work for as the benefits provided by Google are socially driven for the empowerment of its employees. Not only does it have on site facilities for them, but it also promotes self belief and participation in making company decisions. The CSR activities of Google are also commendable in the sense, that it provides millions of funds to different global charities and supporting of green initiatives. In addition to being a facilitator of growth, the company is also bogged down by pr ivacy and security issues of its user base. From its bitter experience in China to tracking the user database for gaining information in a clandestine manner, it has endured several challenges and lawsuits in court of law from a number of authors and publishers, who considered the companys acts as a blatant infringement of copyright. In light of the above arguments, the company has been forced to draw a fine line of balance between profiteering and protection of privacy. Since this issue will take time to die down, Google has developed and incorporated certain defense mechanisms in its online services as well as deputed lobbyists to stall any legislation by the government(s), which will prove detrimental to its growth philosophy of earning revenue through advertisements and tracking user preferences. Since it has contributed in corporate social responsibilities to a great extent, investors have also shown serious interest in promoting the companys activities. From the perspective of the community at large and also from the governments standpoint on data privacy and information security, there remains a great scope for improvement in the way it conducts its business activities by not antagonizing anyone and getting itself entangled in legal crosshairs. References: Banisar, D., 2016. National Comprehensive Data Protection/Privacy Laws and Bills 2016 Map.Browser Download This Paper. Barnard-Wills, D., 2016. The technology foresight activities of European Union data protection authorities.Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Bourgeois, J., Kerry, C., Long, W., Meulenbelt, M. and Raul, A.C., 2016. Essentially equivalent: a comparison of the legal orders for privacy and data protection in the European Union and United States. Bygrave, L.A., 2014.Data privacy law: an international perspective(Vol. 108). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Christensen, L.J., Mackey, A. and Whetten, D., 2014. Taking responsibility for corporate social responsibility: The role of leaders in creating, implementing, sustaining, or avoiding socially responsible firm behaviors.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(2), pp.164-178. Danezis, G., Domingo-Ferrer, J., Hansen, M., Hoepman, J.H., Metayer, D.L., Tirtea, R. and Schiffner, S., 2015. Privacy and Data Protection by Design-from policy to engineering.arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.03726. De Hert, P. and Boulet, G., 2016. The Co-existence of Administrative and Criminal Law Approaches to Data Protection Wrongs. InEnforcing Privacy(pp. 357-394). Springer International Publishing. Doh, J., Husted, B.W. and Yang, X., 2016. Guest Editors Introduction: Ethics, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Developing Country Multinationals.Business Ethics Quarterly,26(03), pp.301-315. Gellert, R. and Gutwirth, S., 2013. The legal construction of privacy and data protection.Computer Law Security Review,29(5), pp.522-530. Gutwirth, S. and De Hert, P. eds., 2015.Reforming European data protection law. Dordrecht: Springer. Hartman, L.P., DesJardins, J.R., MacDonald, C. and Hartman, L.P., 2014.Business ethics: Decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hoepman, J.H., 2014, June. Privacy design strategies. InIFIP International Information Security Conference(pp. 446-459). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Kolk, A., 2016. The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development.Journal of World Business,51(1), pp.23-34. Kshetri, N., 2014. Big data? s impact on privacy, security and consumer welfare.Telecommunications Policy,38(11), pp.1134-1145. Kuchinke, W., Krauth, C., Bergmann, R., Karakoyun, T., Woollard, A., Schluender, I., Braasch, B., Eckert, M. and Ohmann, C., 2016. Legal assessment tool (LAT): an interactive tool to address privacy and data protection issues for data sharing.BMC medical informatics and decision making,16(1), p.81. Martin, K.D., Borah, A. and Palmatier, R.W., 2017. Data privacy: Effects on customer and firm performance.Journal of Marketing,81(1), pp.36-58. Mason, C. and Simmons, J., 2014. Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate governance: A stakeholder systems approach.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), pp.77-86. Oliver, P., 2015. Privacy and Data Protection: The Rights of Economic Actors. Randall, S.M., Ferrante, A.M., Boyd, J.H., Brown, A.P. and Semmens, J.B., 2016. Limited privacy protection and poor sensitivity: Is it time to move on from the statistical linkage key-581?.Health Information Management Journal,45(2), pp.71-79. Rupp, D.E., Wright, P.M., Aryee, S. and Luo, Y., 2015. Organizational justice, behavioral ethics, and corporate social responsibility: Finally the three shall merge.Management and Organization Review,11(01), pp.15-24. Silva, P., Amorim, V.J., Ribeiro, F.N. and Muzetti, I., 2015, November. PrivacyMod: Controlling and Monitoring Abuse of Privacy-Related Data by Android Applications. InComputing Systems Engineering (SBESC), 2015 Brazilian Symposium on(pp. 42-47). IEEE. Swire, P., 2014. Peter Hustinx and three clichs about EU-US data privacy. Trepte, S., Teutsch, D., Masur, P.K., Eicher, C., Fischer, M., Hennhfer, A. and Lind, F., 2015. Do people know about privacy and data protection strategies? Towards the Online Privacy Literacy Scale(OPLIS). InReforming European data protection law(pp. 333-365). Springer Netherlands. Zheng, Q., Luo, Y. and Wang, S.L., 2014. Moral degradation, business ethics, and corporate social responsibility in a transitional economy.Journal of business ethics,120(3), pp.405-421.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Insight in to Jean Watsons Caring Theory free essay sample

In To Jean Watsons Caring Theory Dr. Jean Watson is a nursing theorist whom work has expanded the concept of caring within the nursing profession. Jean Watson’s Caring theory focuses on the transpersonal interactions between nurse and patient to establish a caring relationship. In this paper, I will define theory as it pertains to nursing. I will also give a general background of Watson’s caring theory. I will include a description of concepts within Watson’s theory as well as, major theory assumptions related to person, health, nursing, and environment in the context of the caring moment. In this paper, I will apply Watson’s theory to one specific nurse-patient interaction, which I encountered during my experience as a nurse. I will also describe how Watson’s carative factors were utilized in the transpersonal relationship. I will also give a personal reflection on my professional experience that is basis of this paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Insight in to Jean Watsons Caring Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The term theory has many definitions, but generally it refers to a group of related concepts, definitions, and statements that propose a view of nursing phenomena from which to describe, explain, or predict outcomes (Chitty, 2005). Theories are important because it help guide nurses in the direction to provide the best care to patients’. A benefit of having a defined body of theory in nursing allow the nurse to provide efficient patient care, promote nursing status as a professional, improved communication amongst caregivers and patients, and guidance for nurses to engage in research to further their education . Dr. Jean Watson is an American nursing scholar born in West Virginia. Dr. Watson attended the University of Colorado where she earned her Bachelor’s of Science degree in nursing and psychology. Watson later earned her master’s degree in psychiatric-mental health nursing and continued to earn her Ph. D in education psychology and counseling (Chantal, 2003). In 1979, Dr. Watson’s theory of science of caring was first published in Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. In the publication, she issued a call for a return to the earlier values of nursing and emphasized the caring aspects nursing. Watson’s work addresses the philosophical question of the nature of nursing when viewed as a human-human relationship (Chitty, 2005). There are three major concept of Watson’s theory: a) the carative factors, b) the transpersonal caring relationship, and c) the caring occasion/caring moment. The carative factors provide a focus for nursing phenomena. Carative factors specify the meaning of the relationship of the nurse and patient as human beings. Transpersonal caring relationships describe how the nurse goes beyond an objective assessment, showing concerns towards the person’s subjective and meaning regarding their health care situation. The goal of transpersonal caring relationship is to protect, enhance, and preserve the person’s dignity, humanity, wholeness, and inner harmony(Cara, 2003). Caring occasion/caring moment occurs whenever the nurse and another come together in a given moment for human-to-human interaction. Watson believes that both nurse and patient can be influenced by caring moments depending on their action and choice within the relationship. Dr. Watson’s carative factors consist of 10 elements: 1. The formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values. 2. Instillation of faith-hope. . The development of a helping-trusting, human care relationship. 4. The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to other’s 5. The promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings 6. Creative problem solving caring process 7. The promotion of transpersonal teaching and learning 8. The provision for a supportive, protective and/or corrective mental, physical, socio-cultural and spiritual environment. 9. Assistance with the gratification of human needs 10. The allowance for existential-phenomenological forces. (Cara, 2003, p. 52). As Watson continued to develop her theory, she developed clinical caritas processes, which replaced the carative factors. Clinical caritas processes were: 1. Practice of loving kindness within context of caring consciousness. 2. Being authentically present, and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and one-being-cared for. 3. Cultivation of one’s own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self, opening to others with sensitivity and compassion. 4. Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting caring relationship. . Being supportive of, the expression of positive and negative feelings to connect with a deeper spirit of one self. 6. Creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices 7. Participate in genuine teaching-learning experience that promote unity of being and meaning, attempting to stay within others; frames of reference. 8. Creating an environment that is conductive to healing at every level, subtle environment, which potentiates the ability to sustain or develop dignity, comfort, and peace. Ensuring basic needs are met, with a caring conscious, providing â€Å"human care essentials†, which tends to the individual’s mindbodyspirit. 10. Allowing the expression one’s spirituality and attending to spiritual needs as it relates to ( Cara, 2003). According to Suliman, Welmann, Omer, and Thomas (2009), transpersonal relationship depends on the nurse moral commitment in protecting and enhancing human dignity. It also depends on the nurses’ caring conscious communicated to preserve and honor the embodied spirit. The nurse caring conscious and human-to-human relationship potentiates a healing process that is based on the nurses’ intentional connection, perception, and experience. Dr. Watson’s carative factors can be utilized in the transpersonal relationship in the clinical setting in many ways. When developing a nurse-patient relationship, it is very import to establish a helping-trusting, human care relationship with the patient. Establishing a relationship that is genuine in nature, which goes beyond working nurse-patient relationship is necessary to build a transpersonal relationship. Transpersonal relationship can develop from the nurse-patient incorporating spiritual matters in the healing process. The nurse ability to instill hope and faith to patients who are in distress, exhibit a sense of the nurse caring conscious. Promoting hope when modern medicine have nothing else to offer, the nurse can continue to give faith-hope to provide a sense of well-being through belief’s which are meaningful to the individual (Holland Wade, amp; Kasper, (2006). Assisting with the gratification of human needs could also be utilized in the transpersonal relationship. When developing a transpersonal relationship one must remember to protect the dignity of the patient at all times. Assisting the patient with basic needs with intentional caring consciousness, while administering â€Å" human care essentials,† which potentiate alignment of mindbodyspirit and unity of being in all aspect of care (Cara, 2003). The promotion of transpersonal teaching and learning is also useful in the development of transpersonal relationships. Engaging in meaningful and intentional caring process allows the nurse to establish transpersonal relationship with the patient. This encounter also allows the nurse and patient to communicate in a way where each one’s perspectives are evaluated for understanding. Understanding the person’s perception of the situation can assist the nurse to prepare a cognitive plan. This interaction promotes mutuality between both nurse and patient, which is essential in developing a meaningful relationship. Dr. Watson define the person as a being-in-the-world who holds three spheres of being-mind, body, and spirit that are influenced by the concept of self and who is unique and free to make choices (Cara, 2003). Dr. Watson’s assumption of caring as it relate to the person states â€Å" †¦a caring person is that the person is somehow responsive to another person as a unique individual, perceives the other’s feelings, and sets one person apart from other†. Dr. Watson’s believes that a person’s health is subjective. Health corresponds to the person’s harmony, or balance, within the mind, body, and spirit. Dr. Watson’s assumption of health states that caring promotes health more than curing and effective caring promotes health to an individual as well as family growth (Cara, 2003). According to Dr. Watson nursing is defined as a â€Å"human science of persons and human health-illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, aesthetic, and ethical human care transactions† (2008a, p. 54). Dr. Watson’s assumption as it pertains to nursing states that human caring in nursing is not just an emotion, concern, attitude, or benevolent desire, but rather a personal response (Cara, 2003). Dr. Watson believe the person’s environment could expand awareness and consciousness, while promoting the healing of the, mind, body, and spirit. Dr. Watson’s assumption of caring as it relates to the environment states that â€Å"a caring environment offers the development of potential while allowing the person to choose the best action for the self at a given point in time† (Alligood, 2010, p. 109). To better understand Dr. Watson’s theory, I will apply her theory to a specific nurse-patient encounter. When using clinical caritas process (CCP), I will also attach the corresponding numbers to denote its use within my clinical story. While working in Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU), I was assigned a patient by the name of Ms. Anderson. Ms. Anderson was 1 day post-op of having a vaginal hysterectomy. Upon getting report regarding Ms. Anderson’s condition, I was informed that the patient was â€Å"very needy† and didn’t want to go home†. When I went into Ms. Anderson’s room, I introduced myself and told her that I will be her nurse for the day. I proceeded to ask Ms. Anderson if there is anything I could do for her at that time. She told me that see just want the lights off and the curtains closed. After an hour I went back into Ms. Anderson’s room informing her that she will be discharged that day. She appeared very anxious and apprehensive. I held her hand as I asked â€Å"Ms. Anderson you seem a little upset is there a reason you do not want to go home’’(CCP#4). Ms. Anderson began to cry and I assured her that everything will be ok, but she had to believe that I was there to try to help her (CCP#2). Ms. Anderson proceeded to tell me that she does not live in this state and she thought that she would be hospitalized for at least three days. Ms. Anderson said she had a train ticket back to her home state of Atlanta, but the train ticket was for the following day. I acknowledged Ms. Anderson’s concerns and informed her that she need not to worry (CCP#5). I informed Ms. Anderson’s doctor and notified the hospital social worker regarding her situation (CCP#6). After collaborating with the doctor and social worker, we were able to accommodate Ms. Anderson for another night. I inform Ms. Anderson that she could stay in the unit and I will continue to assist in any way until her departure the following day (CCP#1). Allowing Ms. Anderson to stay in the hospital an additional night, eliminated her anxiety. Dr. Watson’s theory has personally expanded my perception regarding how patients’ should be managed as a whole. When using Watson’s theory in practice, it allows me to place focus mainly on the patients needs by the use of having a caring conscious rather the use of technology or medication. In conclusion, Watson’s caring theory provides a guide for nurses to practice nursing by way of having a caring conscious. Nursing theories provide a guide for nurses to administer evidence-base nursing to provide best care to patients’. The major concepts of Watson’s theory, which are carative factors, transpersonal relationships, and caring moment allow the nurse to provide a foundation for nurses to use within the clinical setting. Dr. Watson’s theory assumptions provide a guide for nurses’ to establish human-to-human relationships, which could be applied during a caring moment. The nurse ability to establish a caring relationship with the patient is the focal point of Watson’s theory. Applying Watson’s theory in the clinical setting could enhance patients’ sense of well-being, while developing the nurse ability to establish caring relationships.